What is outsourcing Essay - 2183 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What is Outsourcing? It is a method in which companies subcontract labor and support to outside agencies (Klepper, 1997). How, why, and who companies outsource to are quickly becoming social topics of discussion in our society. Everyone seems to have an opinion on outsourcing. I bet that I can walk into a social gathering right now and hear discussions like â€Å"outsourcing is good for the American consumer† or outsourcing takes jobs away from all of the hard working Americans.† In either case, outsourcing has raised great concerns over its effects on the American economy. In this paper, I will discuss the types of outsourcing, pros and cons associated with outsourcing, management views of outsourcing, employee†¦show more content†¦Also, it may be more expensive to outsource. Sometimes it is cheaper to keep a process in-house as compared to outsourcing. Security and confidentiality concerns may arise, especially with payroll and confide ntial information such as salary (Earl, 1996). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;BPO is similar to information technology outsourcing but includes outsourcing related to accounting, HR, benefits, payroll, and finance functions and activities (Embleton, 1998). Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) is a decision to subcontract some or all important, non-core, business processes. This allows companies to invest its time, talent, and capital on basic business strategies that help company growth. Better and more affordable services become available for consumers and taxpayers (Embleton, 1998). Outsourcing allows companies to operate on an around-the-clock, 24/7 production cycle, further adding to productivity (Embleton, 1998). No matter what type of outsourcing a company uses, there is a see-saw effect, someone on the high and low end. There are pros, cons, positives and negatives. For example, if you are a cost-cutting director at a competitive company, the mention of outsourcing, especially offshore, may bring a smile to your face. For computer programmers, call center workers, or factory workers the reaction is likely to be more negative. The primary pro is that outsourcing jobs outside of the U.S. may help toShow MoreRelatedWhat Is IT Outsourcing?1086 Words   |  5 PagesIndia is facing competition from other countries around the world in IT outsourcing. China, Ireland, The Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Poland, and Egypt are just some of the countries that are aggressively looking at IT outsourcing for growth. Over the years, these countries have been developing their country to be able to provide IT outsourcing and lay a strong foundation to sustain this new idea. According to KPMG (2016), some o f the investments these countries have done are build a huge marketRead MoreWhat Are The Challenges Of Outsourcing Research And Development To India846 Words   |  4 PagesThere will be some technology standards issues that the company will encounter by outsourcing research and development to India. Business Process Outsourcing (BPO’s) in India do not always display sufficient compliance with data security and privacy policies that are up to U.S. standards. Therefore, security requirements will be an issue in the research and development collaboration between the U.S. and the India offices. Even though the laws may have similarities, there are no global legal systemsRead MoreOutsourcing American Jobs Essay1561 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Outsourcing of American jobs overseas is displacing Americans in the United States. American blue-collar workers and the Middle Class American will soon be a word of the past if the US government continues outsourcing the low-skill jobs overseas. One of the concerns in regards to the outsourcing of jobs is that wages of American jobs versus the wages of the Chinese, Japanese, Indians and Philippians are much less. If these workers were using the same identical technologyRead More Outsourcing Essay1680 Words   |  7 PagesOutsourcing Outsourcing has become a very popular issue, and it has reached an all-time climax. Firms are starting to do this a lot more than than in the previous decade. What is outsourcing? Outsourcing is defined as â€Å"The procuring of services or products, such as the parts used in manufacturing a motor vehicle, from an outside supplier or manufacturer in order to cut costs.† And it has become a big issue in our country. There are thousands of articles and books written on it, and you can attendRead MoreThe Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing1442 Words   |  6 PagesWhat are the advantages and disadvantages to outsourcing in the global marketplace? In these times of great globalization where many countries have erased their borders when it comes to trade outsourcing has become an option for many companies. Whether or not to outsource is a key question that companies must consider. According to the Pros and Cons of Outsourcing, â€Å"The decision to outsource or not is a matter of finding the right balance-the balance between managing labor costs, workflow, employeeRead MoreOutsourcing Of Aviation Maintenance Practices And The Effects Of Globalization1352 Words   |  6 Pages Outsourcing of Aviation Maintenance Practices and the Effects of Globalization Matthew Wilkerson Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Worldwide May 16, 2016 â€Æ' Abstract Within the aviation industry outsourced maintenance practices have become increasingly more prevalent to maintain current assets. There is generally three processes currently being utilized by the airline industry: outsourcing specific maintenance needs, in-house operations, and lastly, a hybrid approach, which entails a combinationRead MoreLabor in the United States and Outsourcing Essay1034 Words   |  5 PagesOutsourcing emerged on the financial arena during the 1980s and has since then been spreading. Outsourcing production was furthered with the process of globalization which provided a new component leading to the strengthening of resources, skill and labor specializations across the world. The process of outsourcing is using the skill and abilities of a third-party to accommodate society on the foundation of labor. As stated earlier, it was during the 1980s that the process kicked off mainly due toRead MoreOutsourcing : Outsourcing And Outsourcing1541 Words   |  7 Page syears, although outsourcing has been seen as a common method used to achieve a successful business, many literatures on Information System still believe that most of the software could be better off build in-house and this can also be supported with the fact that there are evidences of organisations that took a significant damage from outsourcing. Therefore, whether or not a company should outsource part of their projects, it all depends on how the organisation manages its outsourcing system. This paperRead MoreTaking a Look at Global Outsourcing1407 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal outsourcing has been claimed as one of the major drivers for the globalization of production. Discuss how global outsourcing benefits the firms and why firms choose to engage in outsourcing. Global outsourcing is used by companies to help enhance and develop the business. Global outsourcing also taken by a firm to help solve problems that occur in an Organizations. Global outsourcing is helping organizations to take some expertise from outside which takes outsourcing locally and internationallyRead MoreOutsourcing: Staying Competitive In The Global Market Essays1719 Words   |  7 Pagescompanies are faced with the decision of relocating part of their operation offshore. This paper will address what key elements companies in this situation need to address, such as, quality of customer service provided, security of confidential information, and the possibilities of cost savings, in order to be sure that outsourcing is the best solution for their company. Outsourcing to Stay Competitive For companies to stay competitive in todays global market, many are facing the decision

Business Strategy The 3Cs Model of Ohmae - 1081 Words

3Cs Model of Ohmae In the background of any business strategy, three main players must be taken into account: the corporation itself, the customer, and the competition. Each of these â€Å"strategic three Cs† is a living entity with its own interests and objectives. We shall call them, collectively, the â€Å"strategic triangle†,’ says Ohmae. Seen in this context, the job of the strategist is to achieve superior performance, relative to competition, in the key factors for success of the business. In addition, other job of the strategist is to be sure that his strategy properly matches the strengths of the corporation with the needs of a clearly defined market. Matching of the needs and objectives of the two parties involved is required for a lasting good relationship; without it, the corporation’s long-term viability may be in deficiency. The 3Cs Model is a strategical look at the factors needed for success. The 3C’s model points out that a strategist should take care on three key factors for being successful. In the development of a business strategy, three main things must be taken into account: 1. The Corporation 2. The Customer 3. The Competitors Through by integrating these three C’s (Corporation, Customer,Competitors) in a strategic triangle, sustainable competitive advantage can exist. These key factors are also known as the three C’s or strategic triangle. 1. The Corporate-Based Strategy In general the corporation needs strategies aiming to maximize the corporation’sShow MoreRelated3cs Model1118 Words   |  5 PagesIlluminations 3C s Model of Ohmae T he 3C s Model is a strategical look at the factors needed for success. It was developed by Kenichi Ohmae, a business and corporate strategist. The 3C’s model points out that a strategist should focus on three key factors for success. In the construction of a business strategy, three main players must be taken into account: CORPORATION 1. The Corporation 2. The Customer 3. The Competitors Only by integrating these three C’s (CorporationRead MoreStrategic Planning Theories5409 Words   |  22 Pages822 Seminars in Strategy and International Business Strategic Planning Theories A Literature Review By; Benjamin J. Shuford III 8/24/10 Introduction: Strategic planning is a broad concept that has been introduced into the main stream practices of today’s corporations. Strategic planning can be defined as an organization’s process of defining goals, direction, and decision making processes that effect the allocation of resources that include capital and people. The term â€Å"strategy† is derived fromRead MoreStrategic Analysis of Tesco Plc9562 Words   |  39 PagesOrganizational Overview 2 2.1 VMOST 3 3.0 Evaluation of the External Business Environment 5 3.1 PEST Analysis 5 3.2 Porter’s Five (5) Forces 6 3.3 Industry Life Cycle 7 3.4 Key Success Factors 8 3.5 Competitor Analysis 11 3.6 Degree of Turbulence 13 3.7 Opportunities Threats 14 4.0 Evaluation of the Internal Business Environment 16 4.1 Resource Audit 16 4.2 Value chain Analysis 17 4.3 Mc Kinsey 7-S Model 21 4.4 GE Matrix 23 4.5 VRIO Framework 25 4.6 Core CompetenciesRead MoreStrategic Analysis of Tesco Plc9548 Words   |  39 PagesOrganizational Overview 2 2.1 VMOST 3 3.0 Evaluation of the External Business Environment 5 3.1 PEST Analysis 5 3.2 Porter’s Five (5) Forces 6 3.3 Industry Life Cycle 7 3.4 Key Success Factors 8 3.5 Competitor Analysis 11 3.6 Degree of Turbulence 13 3.7 Opportunities Threats 14 4.0 Evaluation of the Internal Business Environment 16 4.1 Resource Audit 16 4.2 Value chain Analysis 17 4.3 Mc Kinsey 7-S Model 21 4.4 GE Matrix 23 4.5 VRIO Framework 25 4.6 Core Competencies

American Airlines Free Essays

string(35) " for juvenile delinquents as well\." According to the Chinese Philosopher Xun Zi, Man is really evil in nature and can only be good if he is trained to be one (Co, 1992). This could be a main reason why rehabilitation and harsher punishments were imposed on different prison camps. However, another Chinese Philosopher in the name of Meng Zi tells us the opposite. We will write a custom essay sample on American Airlines or any similar topic only for you Order Now He tells us that Man is naturally good because he has a sense of pity, right and wrong, truth and falsity, and good end evil. Man is only tempted to commit mistakes because of negligence, wrong environment, and the willful desire to become evil (Co, 1992). This makes us realize that even if they commit mistakes and are proven responsible for that act, no matter how grave it is, they still deserve to be treated as man. Can our current approach to sentencing and corrections be successful and continue? Our current approach to sentencing and corrections can be successful, but not for a very long time as more people clamors for changes in the policies of the correctional system. In our present time, we believe that incarceration is the best way to rehabilitate an offender, but we were wrong as other methods can be used like fines, probation, community service, treatments and other sanctions (Stemen, 2007). The report of Mr. Don Stemens (2007) tells us that further intensification of incarceration is not the most effective way to increase safety in the community, since it only has less significant effects, and has greater effects on the taxpayers. From 1985 to 2004, it was recorded to hit a 202 percent increase. In one of the studies, it was even said that higher incarceration rates would mean higher crime rates. Furthermore, crime rate is really influenced by the economy, society, demography, culture, politics and incarceration rates of a county (Stemen, 2007). Still, the Declaration of Principles serves as the foundation of the country’s prison management for 100 years (Mega essays –). This Declaration is the result of the Cincinnati conference. Things in the crime and punishment system of the United States really changed after liberty in 1970’s. From the introduction of the first American penal colony in Philadelphia in 1870, to the prohibition of cutting body parts and other ways of torturing as a way of punishing the culprits, to the introduction of the Auburn Model, to the beginning of vocational training, education, parole, and the division between the prison cells for young and adult prisoners (Mega essays, n. d. ), the correctional system is doing its best to provide its citizens the security that they need (Raver, 2007). Other innovations would include the medical model of prison management and rebirth of indefinite sentencing. Another discovery is the indeterminate sentence method, where in every five days of good behavior would reduce one day of sentenced imprisonment for the convicted prisoners (Mega essays, n. d. ). As there are only town operated jails before they are the only department that can deal with felons (serious offenders) in the absence of state of federal prisons. Pain through the beating of physical punishments was applied to the prisoners. But instead of using pain, the country’s leaders would now want the convicts to be sanctioned from practicing their liberty (Mega essays, n. d. ). Aside from that, it is true that before, and in some cases, even today, convicted criminals were controlled and punished by intervention, ethical education, and isolation (Mega essays, n. d. ). Isolation would mean that they are not allowed to communicate with others, and will only get a chance to work with others without communicating again when working together in silent labor prison factories, just like what is according to the Auburn Model. The Auburn Model was first implemented in New York State prison. According to the Auburn Model, imprisonment of a convicted culprit must be the period for him or her to let her body and soul dominate that can be achieved through habit and regimentation provided by the very authoritative control system. But this did not happen as an environment of slavery was created in the prison camps. (Raver, E 2007). But this is already too much. From the report of Mr. Stemen, he mentioned about the report of Mr. Michael Jacobson, the Director of the Vera Institute of Justice. Mr. Jacobson said that harsher punishments and strengthened rules for imprisonment will decrease the threat imposed by the increase in crime rates. Insufficiency of the date is not a problem as they now have sufficient data to support their claim. When that time comes, then it would be easy for policy makers to understand complex policies. A 10 percent increase in the number of incarcerations would only decrease 2 to 4% decrease. From 1970 to 2005, an increase of 628 percent in the construction of state and federal institutions was reported, with a number of 1. 5 Million incarcerated criminals in U. S prisons and 750, 000 persons imprisoned in local jails per day. 5. 6 Million of the U. S population experienced being in prison. From 1992 to 1997, it was recorded to have a 25% effect in reduction of crimes, and the rest was caused by other reasons (Stemen, 2007). If they really want to reduce the crime rate, governments must focus on the increase in the number of police per capita, real wage rates, and education, and the decrease in unemployment rate (Stemen, 2007). Will rehabilitation continue as a primary correctional goal? Because on the belief of the efficacy of incarceration in the rehabilitation of prisoners, it is expected that more prison camps will be constructed which will come largely from the revenue collected by the states to go to this objective. In the 21st century, more funds are reserved for the construction of new penal colonies. In fact nowadays, they are more than the churches and the schools (Raver, 2007). The plan is that penal colonies will now provide different facilities that will further promote the rehabilitation of adult prisoners and for juvenile delinquents as well. You read "American Airlines" in category "Papers" Just like the North West Ohio Juvenile Detention, Training and Rehabilitation Center that has individual detention cells, control room, multi-purpose room, classrooms, intake area, nurse clinic, gymnasium, library, and a secured outdoor recreation area (Patrick, 2007). This will help the juveniles to develop their skills and talents while serving their sentence, so that once they are released, they will be able to help their community, the country. They have a highly structured curriculum where in the teachers are licensed by the Ohio Department of Education. There is an admission exam that will test their knowledge in math, science, and the language arts. This is for the placement in the Center’s computer based education curriculum. There is also the Accelerated reader program that will uphold their reading comprehension level that is suitable and proper to them. The Centre also has one hour per day organized group large muscle activity that that follows the 5139-37-18 of the Ohio Administrative Code. Aside form this. There are one hour additional recreational activities, calisthenics, and leisure activities. Group sessions and total family sessions were also held. Aside from that, they conduct mental health assessments, and counseling. But according to the findings of Senator Whitmire and Rep. Madden, the real problem of the increase in crime rate is no other than the faulty and weak criminal justice policies and practices (high revocation rates of probationers, lack of in-prison or community-based treatment and diversion options, and low parole grant rate). They think that what was done in the past is already enough. They think that the money should be more spent on more quality projects that the population can enjoy. Their goal is to lessen the expenses appropriated by the federal government in constructing too many prisons (The PEW Center on the States, 2008). The two legislators do not believe in building more prisons. For them, what is important is to treat the drug addicts, alcoholics, and to those individuals on parole and on probation that are having some difficult time coping with problems, this will prevent them to go out of the prison and eventually commit the same crime, or commit a new one (The PEW Center on the States 2008). Legislators instead must pass bills that will give correction agencies computers that will have Compstat program that will be used to trace their caseloads (Public Safety Performance 2007). Presently, more and more correctional agencies are emerging in the idea that they can help in the progress of public safety thru helping the offenders to complete their period of rehabilitation (The PEW Center of the States 2007). The expansion of the country’s prison system does not actually decrease crime rate if their aim is to only imprison many of the citizens without really reducing the rate of criminal offenses. It is said that incarceration is the best way to avoid one from doing crimes, but is not effective in punishing and debilitating those persons, but it works (Stemen, 2007). For example, it said that the imprisonment of drug criminals will defeat the purpose and efficacy of this system to decrease the crime rate. Its predominantly negative implication on drug criminals were also reported (Stemen, 2007). Will supervision of offenders in the community change on approach? What should be focused on is to provide the centers with different facilities where they can mold their talent, skills, etc. where they can use when they go out. In the Pennsylvania system, guards have a complete supervision of the prisoners in the centers (Mega essays, n. d. ). We cannot prevent that there might be some special incidents that can happened in the detention place, like acts of aggression, disorderly behavior, attempts of the juvenile to harm himself, and threats in security. This is where the guards are most needed. In 2007, it is recorded that there were 40 special incidents in the North West Ohio Juvenile Detention. But before doing all of this, they must first provide solution to the correctional system first. The Correctional system has different problems like its rising cost, the overcrowding of prison cells and the increased hazard for both the inmates and the correctional personnel (Raver, 2007). For example in Texas, they will have to a lot additional $900 million to add more beds in prison camps (The PEW Center on the States, 2008). Some of the solutions given to these problems were the following: First, prohibit the unsupervised release of the prisoners just to solve the overcrowding of convicts in the prison cells. This will rather increase the risk of the security of the citizens. It will be appropriate to have it supervised. In this way, the rehabilitation of the prisoner and the security of the community will not be at stake. When we say rehabilitation, this would include counseling, therapy and traditional probation (Raver, 2007). Second, White collar criminals or non-violent offenders do not need to be imprisoned anymore. This will only occupy space, and waste the money of the government (Raver, 2007). The parole system does not only let ex-convicts to enjoy a free life. Even if these people were already outside, the authorities still monitors them (Mega essays, n. d. ). They need to make sure that they will completely supervise them, just to prevent those persons to repeat their crimes, or to do another crime. But of course, this will not be easy for the released prisoners. But if this will not be prevented, if they commit the same mistakes, or does a new crime, it is important that the following must be considered first: the degree of the crime committed, the danger it imposed to the community, and the cost. Senior administrators must be there to review the violation, and most importantly issue policy and guidelines for responding to these parole related violations (The PEW Center of the States, 2007). Those under parole will find it very hard to earn some money and to find a permanent job because employers’ sets high standards that in some point they were not able to meet or they are just discriminated and pre-judged. If not, they are just limited to some certain dirty jobs, thus some of them would find solution by venturing into illegal jobs (Stemen 2007). Once again, the role of the authorities is important, especially the policy makers. Prison-based education programs will not only help the prisoners to change themselves, but it can also serve as a tool to prepare them before going inside and join their community. Another one is for the policy makers to train better probation and parole officers (Stemen 2007). Do we need a new paradigm for sentencing and corrections? It is suggested that the kind of system that the United States have must be re-examined and re-evaluated based on its total performance (Raver, E 2007) The prison system in the eyes of the convicts is inefficient in terms of really playing its purpose because of some hostilities inside the penal colonies which should not happen. The facility should train, educate, and mold the person to a person that is ready to face the challenges if the time comes that he’ll leave the prison. But this is not what is really happening in these places (Raver, 2007). Community corrections agency are expected to produce report at least once a month, but instead the report contains only a list of their activities annually. Community corrections agency is expected that they should have a system to determine and manage movement towards the prevention of crime and addiction. They should not only monitor the progress of paroled person, and the individual managers in their effort to promote the achievement of their objectives. Incentives will also be given to managers and staff (Public Safety Performance, 2007). So far, it is said that the United States has the highest rate of incarceration amounting to 450 people for each 100, 000 people (Mega essays, n. d. ). The effects of increased incarceration rates will still be affected by different factors such as the range of in state prisons population, which has actually less effect and crime rate (Stemen, 2007). In Florida, both the rate of crime rate, and the rate of incarceration increased, that eventually destroys the society, especially the family, steals the time of some imprisoned parents to take care of their children, and can also take the present and future income of the community where this people belong, and would only cater to the feeling of bitterness towards the present legal system, thus overall creating social disorder that makes way for the further push of crime rates in a higher level (Stemen, 2007). The North West Ohio Juvenile Detention, Training and Rehabilitation Center accepts into its custody those delinquents that is physically and emotionally threatened or hurt, run away child, abandoned child, and or is ordered by court, as stated in the Rule 7 of the Ohio Ruled of Juvenile Procedure. Other private institutions and groups that give leadership training and change for the youth, family, and the community, should increase their role in this issue. What the government cannot provide, they can supply (Stemen, 2007). What the citizens think now is to make some policies that will quickly respond to the real cause of crime and not just simply facing it. In a survey in 1994, 48% believes on this, that later on increased by 2001 reaching a rate of 65%. On the other hand, 42% believe that using a harsher sentence will decrease crime rate, and became 32% in 2001 (Stemen, 2007). They suggest that authorities must reconsider their thoughts about incarceration, that they must consider more the mentioned aspects in policy making (Stemen 2007). Can we reduce the impact of prisonization and improve the successful reentry of prisoners to the community? Yes we can. Treatment of services, conditions and intensity of supervision, release, and responses to violations are appropriately assigned which paves the way for an increase in crime rate because of its inefficiency. They should be supervised heavy-handedly grave offenders, and light-handedly on those light offenders, with no intensive interventions included (The PEW Center of the States, 2007). But the establishment of institutions like The Bureau of Federal Prisons, and structures like Alcatraz were primarily built as a way to decrease the crime rate in the country, and to make sure that the most dangerous criminals are caught and kept imprisoned. This is the only way that the federal government can answer the challenge of those big time criminals who have more power and weapons than the law enforcers (Raver, 2007). The common problem for those freed convicted criminals is that they were viewed by others as a threat or danger to the peace and orderliness of the community. Some of them are always imprisoned, whether they commit another crime, or they repeat what they did. The people from the community believe that instead of changing into a better person, which should be the real purpose of imprisonment, they only got worst inside, which reflects the people’s disappointment in the country’s correctional system (Raver, 2007). Policy makers should have a statistics of the percentage of those who were revoked for violating the rules of their parole, and the percentage of those who were revoked for committing new crimes. Judges, the parole board and the agency must be well coordinated in order to prepare the prisoner for the world outside the prison and detention center. They should continuously promote the prevention of crime, and not just the revocation of supervision (The PEW Center of the States, 2007). It is also said that consequences for different violations are not maximized. Policy makers must make sure that every violation is faced with an appropriate punishment. It is said that in order for supervision agencies to react appropriately to the needs of the culprit, they must have community based services and sanctions. They can use electronic monitoring or day reporting centers (The PEW Center of the States, 2007). Aside from providing the needed facilities for the prisoners, they must, at the same time, evaluate the third generation instruments that can unchangeable and changeable. It is concluded in one report that rewards are more effective than penalties in molding one’s behavior (The PEW Center of the States 2007). They can also use incentives that will encourage the prisoners to comply with the conditions and to prohibit themselves from doing another crime or repeating the crime again. It can be in a form of gift, certificates, reducing the treatment requirements, and minimal supervision (The PEW Center of the States 2007). References Co, Alfredo P. , 1992, Philosophy of China: The Blooming of a Hundred Flowers, Manila, Philippines: University of Santo Tomas. Mega essays. , –, American Corrections†¦A History. Available from: http://www. megaessays. com/viewpaper/1128. html Patrick, Brian, 2007, North West Ohio Juvenile Detention, Training, and Rehabilitation Center Annual Report 2007 Available from: www. nwojdc. org/NWOJDC_Annual_Report_2007. doc Public Safety Performance, July 2007, You Get What You Measure: Compstat for Community Corrections No. 1. Available from: http://www. pewtrusts. org/uploadedFiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/Reports/sentencing_and_corrections/Compsta-Key-Questions. pdf Raver, Edward, 2007, Understanding the American corrections system. Available from; http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/137619/understanding_the_american_corrections. html Stemen, Don, January 2007, Reconsidering Incarceration: New Directions for Reducing Crime. Available from: http://www. vera. org/publication_pdf/379_727. pdf The PEW Center on the States, January 2008, Changing Direction: a Bipartisan Team Paves a New Path for sentencing and Corrections in Texas No. 4. Available from: http://www. pewtrusts. org/uploadedFiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/Reports/sentencing_and_corrections/one_in_100. pdf The PEW Center of the States, November 2007, When Offenders Break the Rules: Smart Responses to Parole and Probation Violations. Available from: http://www. pewtrusts. org/uploadedFiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/Reports/sentencing_and_corrections/Condition-Violators-Key-Questions. pdf How to cite American Airlines, Papers

Global Vs Local Brand Positioning Strategies

Question: Discuss about the Global Vs Local Brand Positioning Strategies. Answer: Introduction: Depending on the customer preferences and the variables those shape their purchasing decisions, the modern day companies need to design their marketing strategies. In the travel industry customer segmentation can be done with various factors. The Roy Morgan value segments provide an innovative market segmentation pattern. In this report, the author has chosen the PO Cruises to identify two suitable customer segments mentioned in the Roy Morgan value segments system. He has divided the report in three parts. In the beginning, the theory of the Roy Morgan value segments has been discussed. Next, the suitable positioning and marketing strategy have been mentioned for selected two market segments. Then, the author has concluded the report with a summary of the discussion. Background of the company: The PO Cruises is the oldest cruise line having its operation in 19th century as the first commercial passenger ship. It is a subsidiary of the Carnival Corporation plc. Having headquarter in the UK, the company operates eight ships with the passenger capacity of 14, 970 (Cruises Cruise Holidays 2017 2018 - PO Cruises, 2017). The company owns 5% market share of all cruise lines worldwide. Operating since 1837, the company is experiencing success till today. The latest vassal named MV Britannia joined the company in 2015 (Cruises Cruise Holidays 2017 2018 - PO Cruises, 2017). The Roy Morgan value segmentation: As mentioned by Lees, Winchester and De Silva (2016), the market research done of Roy Morgan, provides a segmentation of the patterns of thinking and choices that drive people to make any purchasing decision in favour of a certain brand. The Roy Morgan lifestyle segmentation divides the potential customers into ten different lifestyle segments. These can be discussed as followed: Basic needs: This particular segment is associated to the communities and loves to be surrounded with their families and community people. This pattern of thinking is associated top the customers who are retired, pensioners and the receivers of the social security payments. A fairer deal: the Roy Morgan lifestyle segmentation has found that the segment of people who are unskilled, come from the spectre of unemployment, family pressure and life struggle. They are mostly cynical and posses a low level of satisfaction from life (Roy Morgan.com, 2017). Traditional family life: This pattern of thinking can be found in the middle aged customer base, which possesses a stable family life and housing facilities. This particular segment seeks the meaning of life in spirituality and being well respected in the society (Roy Morgan.com, 2017). Conventional family life: As mentioned by Lees, Winchester and De Silva (2016), this particular segment lives mainly in the suburban localities. This particular thinking pattern is closely associated to the lifestyle where they put all their concentration over the betterment of the lives of their children and family. Look at me: This particular segment is associated to a lifestyle where people spend money is unnecessary consumptions. This group is mostly self-cantered and peer driven. They spend hours in watching commercial TV and indulging in unproductive hobbies (Roy Morgan.com, 2017). Something better: this lifestyle can associate itself with the behaviour of competitiveness. This segment doesnt like spending on luxuries and generally has debts (Roy Morgan.com, 2017). Real conservatism: the mature and mid-career people are associated with this particular lifestyle segmentation. As mentioned by Lees, Winchester and De Silva (2016), this segment live their lives by following conservative idea and seeks security and control over their lives. Young optimism: the young professional, technocrats or students with a focus on achieving good career, overseas travel, a sense of outgoing lives can be associated with this lifestyle segmentation (Roy Morgan.com, 2017). Visible achievement: this segment treats life as a journey and focuses climbing the social ladder. They opt for job satisfaction, high income, travel experience etc. (Roy Morgan.com, 2017). Socially aware: The highest socio-economic group is associated with this particular lifestyle. They love to spend on the luxuries of life. This mind set can be found among the public servants, pressure groups, politicians, business analysts etc. as mentioned by Lees, Winchester and De Silva (2016), the people associated to this particular lifestyle is not afraid of trying new things in life and tries to pursue others to accept their lifestyles. Importance of lifestyle segmentation: As discussed by Koh and Brunner (2015), identification of the lifestyle pattern of the target customers makes the marketers know more about the customers expectation and their sense of utility about the product. A product or service needs to address the requirements of the customers which are largely dependent on the value base, likeability of spending, perception about the satisfaction of life and many other psycho social behavioural patterns. Here, in the context of identifying the travelling behaviour and the preference of spending, the expectations will be diversified among ten different segments. As the basic needs segment is largely dependent on the social security assistance, belongs to the group of the senior citizens and likes to spend time with the family and friends, they shows a low incidence of holiday travel (Roy Morgan.com, 2017). On the other hand, the segment that has the lifestyle of young optimism differs fro this group in their travel behaviour. The customer segment of young optimism loves to enjoy the outgoing life. They are not afraid of trying new things and having excitement. Hence, as discussed by Lees, Winchester and De Silva (2016), this segment travels frequently and spends on adventure travels. In such a context, the companies related to this industry needs to share their services according to the different needs of this two different customer segment. Thus, the lifestyle segmentation helps corr ectly identifying the requirements of the customers. Selection of customer segment: Being a cruise ship company, the PO Cruises serves a premium travel experience. Hence, the company can select these two different customer groups: The socially aware: The people with this lifestyle belong to the highest income group. Concerning to their travel behaviour, among all the other value segments, the social aware has the highest frequency of travelling and they are like to spend big on the holidays (Roy Morgan.com, 2017). They enjoy travelling overseas destinations, spend on the luxurious accommodation and travel by high end air buses and cruise ships. Hence, being a premium travel service provider, PO Cruises can select this particular lifestyle segment. Young optimism: Like the socially aware segment of customers the young optimism group travels frequently. Being the individuals who love adventure and seeks satisfaction in gathering new knowledge and experience, this lifestyle segment is likely to travel overseas by using the commercial transport such as cruise ships, airlines, buses and trains. However, they differ from the previously selected segment as they travel with friend or in groups and like to obtain budget accommodation (Roy Morgan.com, 2017). Now, depending on these two different segmentations, the company needs to make suitable changes in its marketing strategy. Application in marketing mix and positioning: As discussed by Koh and Brunner (2015), depending on the selected customer segmentation, the companies need to make differentiated marketing strategy. In this selected context, the two different customer segment lives two different lifestyles; hence, their preferences change accordingly. Here, the PO Cruises needs to make two different marketing strategies for each of them. The positioning strategy: As mentioned by Gammoh, Koh, Okoroafo (2015), the companies can choose from various options like attribute positioning, benefit positioning, application positioning, user positioning, competitor positioning and value positioning. As discussed by Koh and Brunner (2015), depending on the point of differentiation from the competitors the organizations create its position in the psyche of the customers. For the socially aware group: Here the company needs to opt for the attribute positioning by making aware of the contribution of the brand in the industry and highlighting its journey since 1837. This brand image will create a point of differentiation to the customers. For the young optimism group: Here, the company needs to opt for the value positioning strategy by promoting the services as the best quality in the low or reasonable pricing. The added facilities and the offerings of high quality service in low pricing will be the point of differentiation. The marketing mix: As discussed by Huang and Sarigll (2014), depending on the preferences, sense of utility, requirements and spending pattern of the customers the marketers need to concentrate on creating a pragmatic marketing mix. As discussed by Koh and Brunner (2015), the theory or model of marketing mix talks about the identification of the product or service features, pricing decisions, distribution channels and the promotional strategies to address the highest number of segmented customer group. Product: Since 1837 PO Cruises is serving fun cruise ship experience to the customers. It is the subsidiary of the largest and most popular cruise line in the world, i.e. Carnival Corporation plc. PO Cruises is the oldest cruise line in the world. It provides fleet service in the countries like Bermuda, Australia (Cruises Cruise Holidays 2017 2018 - PO Cruises, 2017). The ships of the PO Cruises provides accommodation, all main meals, entertainment, library, facilities like swimming pool, gym, sauna, steam rooms etc. Moreover, this cruise line maintains the strategy of being a destination rather than some particular port of call. Now, depending on the preferences of the Young optimism group, the cruise line needs to make some changes in its service offerings. Here, the company can opt for a providing the service of stopping by selected ports for supporting the preferences of this particular customer group of spending the vacation in cities where they can go for shopping, dine at restaurants, go to musical concerts and cinemas and take part in adventurous activities. The cruise line can also provide such facilities of adventure in their cruises such as scuba diving. Moreover, to accommodate this group, the company introduce multi bed rooms. On the other hand, for the the socially aware group, the company can opt for integrating services like spa, high end musical or theatrical performances, exotic dining service and many more. For addressing this particular segment, the company needs to focus on high quality around the clock service and luxurious accommodations. Moreover, they can also opt for serving customised services to this group in reference to foods or facilities. Price: As mentioned by Koh and Brunner (2015), depending on the service offerings and the customers willingness to pay for this service, the companies need to settle down for its pricing strategies. The socially aware group of customers belong to the highest income level. For addressing the preferences of this group, the company is going implement high end and customised services. Hence, it is important for the company to opt for a premium pricing policy. On the other hand, the young optimism group does not need customised or high end services. They want quality accommodation in reasonable budget. For the added facilities the company can charge extra to the borders but it needs to be attainable by the middle income group. Hence, for addressing the young optimism group, the company can opt for competitive pricing strategy. As the company is providing extra facilities in lower price it will attract this customer base more proactively. Place: As mentioned by Koh and Brunner (2015), selection of the appropriate place or the distribution channel is a prerequisite for the marketing mix model. Here, in the case of PO Cruises, the company needs to opt for the travel agents as the distribution channel for addressing the socially aware segment. Being the high end customer they tend to assign the travel arrangement responsibilities to such agents. Hence, approaching the travel agents will be the placing strategy. On the other hand, the young optimism group is more likely to search online. Hence, the company website and partnership with other travel agency websites for obtaining tickets will the most pragmatic distribution channel for PO Cruises. Promotion: For the socially aware segment: Here, the company can opt for the strategies like print advertisements in the business or high end travel magazines. Arranging PR events like marathon or social causes and inviting such people can also be an effective promotional strategy (Huang and Sarigll, 2014). Moreover, providing discounts to the travel agents will be a successful promotional strategy to collect this customer group. Young optimism group: On the other hand, for addressing this particular group, the company can opt for content advertisements in travel blogs, social media platforms etc. on the other hand; the option of loyalty card or seasonal discounts can also be some effective promotional strategies for addressing this customer group (Roy Morgan.com, 2017). Conclusion: In conclusion it can be said that the traditional market segmentation pattern, the demographic status of the potential customers is being evaluated, in reference to the gender, age group, level of education and many more. The Roy Morgan value segmentation identified another dimension- depth of understanding- that essentially helps in identifying the motivations and reasons that encourages the buying decision of the customer in favour of a particular brand. For best selection of the customer group for PO Cruises, this theory can be essentially helpful. However, for addressing each of the segments, the company needs to follow different marketing strategies so that it can become the most relevant to the lifestyles of the customers. References: Cruises Cruise Holidays 2017 2018 - PO Cruises. (2017). Pocruises.com. Retrieved 17 January 2017, from https://www.pocruises.com/ Gammoh, B. S., Koh, A. C., Okoroafo, S. C. (2015). Global Vs. Local Brand Positioning Strategies: the Moderating Effect Of Belief in Global Citizenship. In Proceedings of the 2010 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference (pp. 314-314). Springer International Publishing. Huang, R., Sarigll, E. (2014). How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. In Fashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors (pp. 113-132). Springer Naew York. Koh, A. C., Brunner, J. A. (2015). Consumer Perceptions Towards Products Made in the Peoples Republic of China: Implications for Marketing Strategy. In Proceedings of the 1988 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference (pp. 122-126). Springer International Publishing. Lees, G., Winchester, M., De Silva, S. (2016). Demographic product segmentation in financial services products in Australia and New Zealand. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 21(3), 240-250. Roy Morgan.com (2017). Roy Morgan. Retrieved 17 January 2017, from https://www.roymorgan.com/

Why Kids Join Gangs Essays - Crime, Criminology, Gang, Urban Decay

Why Kids Join Gangs A teenage boy puts on his best clothes, shines up his car, and heads for the mall. He finds a couple of young girls and tells them about a cool party. Since there are two of them and only one of him, they feel safe. Not until they are at the party, the security doors locked behind them, do they realize: that they are the only girls there; that the guys are gang members; that they, the girls, are the party; and that there is no way out. Why would any teenage boy choose to have this life of crime? Although the behavior gangs partake in during initiations and even just every day activity sound unbelievable, the fact is that the number of gangs and gang members is growing by the minute. Gangs now operate in all fifty states and in suburban areas as well as the inner city. Some common reasons as to why teenagers choose to join gangs rather than school-related activities are because it fulfills their need to belong, fulfills their need for security, and gives them a way to express their an ger. The most common reason teenagers choose to become part of a gang is to fulfill their desire to belong to something and feel important. If a child doesn't have a sense of belonging in their family, they will try to find it elsewhere. A gang provides that sense of belonging that they may not feel at home or in their community. The child may be from a ?good? family who thinks they belong, but if the child doesn't believe it than it doesn't matter. For example, excessive sibling rivalry can cause a child to feel as though they don't belong. If they don't feel important or as part of a family, they will be drawn toward a gang, which gives the cohesiveness of a family. Also, some teens who choose to join school-related activities when they feel the need to belong sometimes get rejected by these groups. They may try out for a sport or dance corps and not get on the team. This rejection might drive the teen even more to join a gang. This denial lowers the child's sensitive self-esteem, which is a major factor in their life. For example, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs explains that in order for a child to reach their full potential, they first need self-esteem, which they get from having a sense of belongingness. All teenagers have a longing to feel significant and important. However, if they are not feeling this they may be driven to join a group that will accept them, no matter how disastrous the group may be. Another reason why teens decide to join gangs is because of their need for security. This particular need is stronger in females than males, however it is a basic need of both sexes. Security is also one of Maslow's basic needs, just above physical needs which are the basis to the hierarchy. According to Maslow, without security a child will not feel any love and belongingness; which is the first reason as to why kids join gangs. If a child doesn't feel safe and secure, a gang may provide this for them. They feel a greater sense of safety and security by being a part of a group, as opposed to being alone. Rather than becoming isolates having no security whatsoever, teens would be more likely to join a gang where they feel safe and protected by being a part of something greater than themselves. Finally, a gang provides an avenue for teenagers to direct their anger. Anger is one emotion that is generally common in teenagers. Because one common characteristic of gangs is fighting, being a part of a gang provides direction for their anger and actually rewards them for expressing it. For example, initiations for gangs usually involve violent acts. Activities typically include rape, fighting, and/or removal of a victim's body part. After the prospective member performs the violent action they were told to do, they get rewarded for it by becoming an official member of the gang. These violent acts allow a teen to express their pent up anger in ways not normally allowed.

Differences Between Whales, Dolpins and Porpoises

Differences Between Whales, Dolpins and Porpoises Are dolphins and porpoises whales? These marine mammals have many things in common. Whales, dolphins, and porpoises all fall under the order cetacea. Within this order, there are two suborders, the Mysticeti, or baleen whales, and the odontoceti, or toothed whales, which includes dolphins and porpoises as well as sperm whales.  If you consider that, dolphins  and porpoises are really whales.   Size Matters for Being Called a Whale or Not While dolphins and porpoises are in the same order and suborder as whales, they generally arent given a name that includes the word whale. The term whale is used as a way to distinguish size among species, with cetaceans longer than about nine feet considered whales, and those less than nine feet long considered to be dolphins and porpoises. Within the dolphins and porpoises, there is a wide range in size, from the orca (killer whale), which can reach lengths up to about 32 feet, to the Hector’s dolphin, which can be less than four feet long. Thats how the orca comes to have the common name of killer whale. This distinction keeps alive our image of a whale being something very large. When we hear the word whale, we think of Moby Dick or the whale that swallowed Jonah in the Bible story. We dont think of Flipper, the bottlenose dolphin of the 1960s television series. But Flipper could rightly claim he was, in fact, classified with the whales. Difference Between Dolphins and Porpoises While dolphins and porpoises are very similar and people often use the term interchangeably, scientists generally agree that there are four major differences between dolphins and porpoises: Dolphins have cone-shaped teeth while porpoises have flat or spade-shaped teeth.Dolphins usually have a pronounced â€Å"beak,† while porpoises do not have a beak.Dolphins generally have a very curved or hooked dorsal fin, while porpoises have a triangular dorsal fin.Porpoises are generally smaller than dolphins. Meet the Porpoises To get even more specific, the term porpoise should also refer only to the seven species that are in the family Phocoenidae (harbor porpoise, vaquita, spectacled porpoise, Burmeister’s porpoise, Indo-Pacific finless porpoise, narrow-ridged finless porpoise and Dall’s porpoise). Similarities Between All Whales - the Cetaceans All of the cetaceans have a streamlined body and adaptations for living in the water and never coming onto land.  But whales are mammals, not fish. They are related to land mammals, such as the hippopotamus. They are descended from land animals that looked like a short-legged wolf. All cetaceans  breathe air into their lungs rather than getting oxygen from water via gills.That means they can drown if they cant surface to bring in air. They give birth to live young and nurse them. They also are able to regulate their body temperature and are warm-blooded. Sources: American Cetacean Society. 2004. ACS Cetacean Curriculum (Online), American Cetacean Society.Waller, Geoffrey, ed. SeaLife: A Complete Guide to the Marine Environment. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C. 1996.

Ecological property the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra. A Essay

Ecological property the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra. A study on the flora and fauna - Essay Example Ecological property the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra. A study on the flora and fauna The administration of these forests is run by the Directorate General of Forest conservation and forest protection. It is situated along the north, south and central part of the equator alongside the Bukit Barisan mountain range. These three areas have a much defined kind of flora and fauna, exhibiting a lot of diversity in their composition. Overall, these areas can be considered to be a hotbed for ecological diversity. However, the temperature can be said to be warm in general with higher temperatures, higher rainfall being experienced for nine months of the year in the wetter parts and seven months in the drier areas (Marshall et al., 2010). This has also been one of the contributing factors in the higher variety of the species. The humidity can also be highlighted, as it tends to maintain a constant value of close to 60 percent, especially above the altitudes of 1,700 metres. Overall, the temperature displays a consistency of being around 20-28 degree Celsius throughout the year (68 to 83 Fahrenheit). The Indonesian archipelago comprises 10 percent of the population of flowering plants and Sumatra is a part of the Sundaland hotspot. It has one of the largest rainforests in Southeast Asia, ranking along the likes of Borneo and Papua New Guinea (Thornton, 1997). The number of species of plants that inhabit this region is staggering. Almost 10,000 species of plants are present in these forest that range from coastal to sub-alpine conditions. It presents a rare opportunity for environmentalists; as such a diverse set of flora is very difficult to spot in any other part of the world. The constituent flora However, this flora is primarily shared in its constitution and composition with the region comprising west of Malisia spanning from the south of Thailand to the islands of New Guinea. Specifically, the northern region of Lake Toba has a very distinct Sumatran flora which is largely montane and sub-alpine kind of vegetation (Thornton, 1997). This area has 12 pe rcent of the species and around 17 percent of species which are endemic in composition. All the species are extremely rich, and the number totals close to 4,000. There are major differences between the highland and the lowland vegetation in these areas, and also among the north and south due to the presence of natural barriers. One of the distinctive features in the park is the presence of phyto-geographic regions, which vary according to the altitude. The tropical conditions are existent up to the elevation of 1,000 metres. In that, around 300 metres of the vegetation comprises of the coastal forest and other lowland varieties, 29 percent is the foothill forest from the elevation levels of 400 metres to 1, 300 metres, close to 31 percent is montane in the elevations of 1,000 to 1,500 metres; which is extremely rich in Fagaceae  and Lauraceae (Whitten, Damanik , Jazanul & Nazzaruddin , 2010)  . The lower 15 percent of those elevations are rich in mosses, rattans and palms, whils t the upper 20 percent is having acid loving plants as basal constituents. The remainder has subalpine forest and ericoid scrubs form an elevation of 2,400 metres to 3,400 metres. Around 91 of the species of flora have been

Basic Concepts of Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Basic Concepts of Criminal Law - Essay Example The Penal Code puts a duty to a persons holding or having in his care such a weapon not to endanger the live so the members of the public. It states that " it is the duty of every person who has within his charge or under his control anything, whether living or inanimate and weather moving or stationary, of such a nature that, in the absence of care or precaution in its use or management , the life, safety or health of any person maybe endangered , to use reasonable care and take reasonable precautions to avoid the danger; and he shall be deemed to have caused any consequences which adversely affect the life or health of any persons by reason of any omission to perform that duty. Further, and read together with the same provisions aforementioned, the same act provides that, "Any person, who with intent to maim, disfigure or disable any person, or to do some grievous harm to any person unlawfully wounds or does any grievous harm to any person by any means whatever is guilty of a felony and is liable to imprisonment for life, with or without corporal punishment. The same sentiments are captured by the provisions of sections 234 of the same Act. In this regard, it would be prudent for the client to obtain all the relevant legal requirements if only to escape the imposed sanctions for breach of the same. Factoring the foregoing, it is evident that, in as much as self defence may be a good defence in criminal proceedings, reasonable care ought to be observed in the use of such a weapon and one must not be negligent or reckless in its use. In this regard when it comes to causing another's physical injury, there are at least three ways that our behaviour could lead not only to financial liability, but also criminal liability for example: A person is guilty of assault when: 1. With intent to cause physical injury to another person, he causes such injury to such person or to a third person; or 2. He recklessly causes physical injury to another person; or 3. With criminal negligence, he causes physical injury to another person by means of a deadly weapon or a dangerous instrument. A person acts with criminal negligence with respect to a result or to a circumstance described by a statute defining an offence when he fails to perceive a substantial and unjustifiable risk that such result will occur or that such circumstance exists. The risk must be of such nature and degree that the failure to perceive it constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of care that a reasonable person would observe in the situation. Negligence is the failure to act reasonably. But we all fail to act reasonably at times. And in unfortunate cases, it could lead to harm. Should we go to prison in such cases If every time we acted unreasonably we went to prison, we would all spend time behind bars. Even if we

Communication in International Management Essay

Communication in International Management - Essay Example Advertisements can be made out for anything, and other common advertisements include those made out for political and religious purposes. The targeted audience usually does advertising for commercial purposes to increase the consumption of an advertiser’s goods or services. Advertising can be done on numerous mediums through the intended message to the target audience is delivered. Any surface or place that a sponsor pays for in order for that space to carry their message to a target audience is referred to as advertising. This paper seeks to discuss advertising with relation to communication in international management by highlighting on a Moodle advertisement. The advertisement of choice is one about a company called Genius Gluten Free that deals with baked products like cakes and breads. I have chosen this advertisement because it is a simple advertisement in its presentation and it delivers the message intended by the product’s producers. The advertisement is also c omposed of the two most important elements of an advertisement making it a good choice for the purposes of this paper. The advertisement fulfils most of what a typical advertisement should in terms of raising the audiences’ awareness about the product, increases their knowledge, and works on their liking capability (Ott, 2011 p108). The advert also plays on the audiences’ convictions about product suitability to their lives and ultimately their purchasing power and ability (Volkman, 2006 p14). There various goals and objectives that advertisements seek to fulfil with respect to the products and the target audience that adverts are directed towards (Mukerji, 2011 p8). The means ends theory suggests that a message in an advert should lead to a desired change in a consumer that is beneficial to the advertiser (Zou, Shaoming, and Volz, Y. Z 52). According to Zou, Shaoming, and Volz, Y. Z (54), leveraging involves using adverts to direct consumers’ understanding abou t a product’s benefits that are relevant to their lives and their personal values. This is meant to drive the consumer to purchase the advertised product in an effort to improve their lives and/or add value to their lives. Meaning in adverts is brought out through the application of various aspects of advertising. In the Moodle advertisement for the Genius Gluten Free baked products, there is the use of both pictures and words, which serve to reinforce each other’s intended message to the target audience. An advert has various functions depending on the target audience for the product or service. Advertising functions include marketing, social, communication and economic functions, which are all external functions of advertising (Shimp, 2010 p13). In the Moodle advert, the function of the advert can be construed to be directed at serving a marketing and social function. This is because it addresses the nutritional benefit of Genius Gluten Free baked products to the hea lth of the consumer. The advertisement includes image and word messages that reinforce each other’s meaning towards establishing the intended impact on the customer and potential clients. The advertisement utilizes the use of images and words, which are held either as captions or as plain text. The advert has an image of what seems like a loaf of bread wrapped in semi-transparent plastic paper with inscriptions about the nature of the bread. The plastic paper wrapping has colouring of Maroon and Yellow or Orange. The colour is

Body Language In Intercultural Communications Cultural Studies Essay

Body Language In Intercultural Communications Cultural Studies Essay With the international communication becoming closer,except the verbal communication in daily life, we may encounter many body languages. These body languages can express their mood or even substitute one sentence. Therefore, in order to understand the intercultural communication better, this dissertation first introduces the relationship between culture and language, then briefly explains what body language is and its function in intercultural communication, subsequently, briefly analyses the differences of the same body language in different cultures. At last, the dissertation suggests that when studying English language, one cant ignore the huge body language, it will be helpful with our English study. Key words: Language; culture; body language; intercultural communication I. Introduction With the international communication becoming more and more frequently, Chinese people may have many chances to get in touch with foreigners. They always use many body languages with their talk. It is a funny phenomena. Shakespeare said Theres language in her eyes, her cheek, her lip, Nay, her foot speaks. Indeed, these body language not only can make their word lively, but also express the speakers mood, or even substitute a sentence. What the body language means when they use for communication?This is the necessary knowledge of English study. Any kind of body language is formed on the foundation of culture. Without understanding the true meaning of a body language, it will embarrass or make mistake. Therefore, this dissertation will analysis the differences of same body language in the different cultures and suggest to study English on the premise of understanding their culture. II. Literature review 2.1 Culture and language 2.1.1 Culture The definition of culture is evolving as time passes. In the west, at first it was used to describe some ability of person which represent a form of act. Then culture used to describe the real achievement of a instructed person. And in 1952, a book of Alfred L. Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn named Culture. A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions was give a general definition based on more than 160 kinds of cultures definition which was identified by modern east and west academic circle. And in China, its meaning was that with the understanding of all phenomena of human social, govern the world with instructing and inspiring. In the Confucian concept, wen not only means word, but also refer to all the rules of etiquette and music in general. In ancient Chinese language, culture meant guiding people with ethics. Culture is a complex concept and changing with human social. However, the word culture is most commonly used in three basic senses: Excellence of taste in the fine arts and humanities, also known as high culture An integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group 2.1.2 Language Language is the important thinking and communicating tool of human being. With language people can keep and pass human civilization achievement. In general, any nation has its own language. It is a notable character of a nation and has long history. Language is closely related with thought. It is the carrier and exhibition form of thought. Language is a social phenomenon with stability and nationality. Though many animals can make sound to express their emotion or deliver message, these sounds are regular without change. Only person have language and can combine all the sounds that have no meaning to become a meaningful morpheme, then put these morphemes together in many ways to form utterance. Using infinite changing form to express infinite changing meaning. 2.1.3 The relationship between language and culture Culture and language are mutual dependence and can not be separated. Language is part of culture, it is the media of culture communication. We use language to communicate, and language is largely influenced by culture. The relationship between culture and language is on the foundation of nation. A nation produces language, at the same time produces culture. Edward Sapir thought that language can not exist without culture. The culture we talk about is social custom and belief. It can decide our life structure. Linguistician Palmer said that language faithfully reflects all the history and culture, game and amusement, belief and prejudice of a nation. As a part of nations culture, language reflects the nations visage, at the same time, language reflects the content of culture as form. Language is the important carrier of culture. Other carriers such as historical site, book, or painting, only show part or even a corner of culture. But language stores all the information of culture comprehensively. Language consists of voice, vocabulary and grammar. Vocabulary, especially the notional word, bear the important responsibility of carrying culture. Time passes, and many new words are coming into being, such as virtual floating, means netizens put their worries and secrets in the virtual bottle without knowing who will get it. All of these are anonymous. And kickback, the original of this word is that the International Olympic Committee will open an ethics investigation into Issa Hayatou over allegations the African football official took kickbacks from FIFAs former marketing agency. But these new words hardly possible become part of culture. Only those language fact that integrate into the bottom life deeply, chosen and washed out by history, enter the basic nation voc abulary is the sign of language affect culture profoundly. For example, Buddhism have been spreaded about 2000 years. Some words like free, retribution, disengagement, hell are coming from Buddhism. These words have already integrated into Chinese become part of it. Culture has effect on language semiotic system itself, language concept, thought and expression, and language learning. Nation culture is decided by the meaning of vocabulary. Different culture tradition and mentality have definitively function to it. Such as dragon, the western people have no favor to it, they thought it is monster, cruel person, stand for devil. But in ancient Chinese culture it stands for the son of heaven and the emperor, lucky and honorable. The reference content and way of culture are decided by the cultures person and persons culture. For example, Cantonese cant see snow for the whole year, so they do not distinguish ice and snow in concept. The northman say à ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ £Ã‚ , and Cantonese say à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ªÃƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡. But the Eskimo who live in arctic pole always contact with snow and have a perceptive. There are more than 20 kinds of words used to describe different snow. As the carrier and express tool of thought, language promote the developm ent of thought, on the other hand, language is restricted by thought. For instance, Chinese say à §Ã‚ Ã‚ «Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¦, that is à §Ã‚ Ã‚ « and à ¨Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¦, looking into the physics function of à §Ã‚ Ã‚ « and à ¦Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ½. But in English, there is railway train, look into the move way of rail and track. To understand the culture of English countries is the important step of English study. The research of language and culture is divided into language culture and language in culture. So culture is divided into two part: big culture and small culture.(Bright, 1976) Here is a form: language Big culture other cultural phenomena Culture Verbal language Small culture Non-verbal language Body language is the important part of non-verbal language. Non-verbal language and culture are learned behaviour and social custom that rich in long history heritage. The relationship between both have these characters in someone like Samovar etals eyes: culture and non-verbal language can not be divided. Many non-verbal languages are the result of learning culture. The shaping and impacting of non-verbal behaviour are always decided by determinate culture environment. It is very important to understand the relationship between culture and non-verbal language. (Samovar etal, 1981) Samovar thought that through understanding the basic represent mode of some cultures non-verbal language, we can search peoples behaviour and attitude. Through non-verbal language mode can understand a sort of cultures value system. Through the research of non-verbal language can exclude the narrow ethnocentrism. The most realistic signification of researching the relationship between culture and non-verba l language in intercultural communication is to resolve the culture conflict in non-verbal language. People always do not realize the learning of their own culture, but very sensitive with other cultures non-verbal language and easily produce misunderstand. Worth the whistle, the culture conflict brought by non-verbal language is serious than that brought by verbal language. Because non-verbal language always is the expression of sensibility and emotion. Samovar put forward that to resolve the non-verbal language culture conflict in international communication should remember the follow three principles when understand the meaning of other cultures non-verbal language: 1. When pay attention to the behaviour of a non-verbal language can not ignore that there are manifold non-verbal language cooperative work in real communication. 2. Anyone can not list and describe all the non-verbal language in any culture. But if we can understand exactly the information of some usually used non-verbal language under the international communication environment, it will be helpful to understand the necessary information. 3. Only understand our cultures non-verbal language first, can we understand other cultures behaviour. Under international communication, to identify the message of non-verbal language should avoid modal or only notice superficies. Be sure to keep in mind that any non-verbal language does not appear lonely, nor deliver any message consciously. Pay special attention to that when study foreign language, international communication activity, and international research, for the need of communicating, studying and researching, people have to make a summation and generalization of the non-verbal language of the same country and the same language nation to sum up some representative non-verbal language. However, in real communication, people must find that the non-verbal language in the same country and nation are not just the same. Even in the same area, it is differ in thousands of ways between the people in different occupations, different age groups and different culture levels. Such as America which is famous for multinational immigrant living together, their non-verbal language are ver y hard to be consistent. So as the different English country, the differences are more further. III. Body language 3.1 Definition Body language is a way of communication that body movements which use head, eyes, neck, hands, arm, foot or other parts of the body to express peoples thought and emotions. Facial expressions, eye contact and other postures and gestures are the commonly used body movement. In a general sense of word, body language includes facial expression, in a narrow sense of word, body language only includes the meaning expressed by body and four limbs. The assortment of body language was advanced by Ruesch and Kees in 1956 according to the basic component of non-verbal language. It involves sign language, action language, and object language. The other assortment was advanced by M. Knapp in 1978 through the analysis of some pertinent researching and literatures. That are body motion and kinesics behaviour, physical characteristics, touching behaviour, paralanguage, proxemics, artifacts, environmental factors. Subsequently, Jensen advanced another statement: body motion and gestures, attitudes to ward time, attitudes toward space, general habits in communication. The research of human body language can trace back to Aristotle in Greek. The formally research was beginning from Darwin. In his 1872 book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals put forward that man and animals have many similar expressions. The systemic research of body language must come first Ray Birdwhistell. His 1952 book Introduction to Kinesics put forward the theory of kinesics. Made the body language become a coding system like verbal language to study the relationship between body movement and communication. Body Language of Julius Fast is a representative work that reflects the research result of body language. This book is known as the summary of the scientists research in the body language field. From then on, body language becomes a boundary science and produces new research result continuously. According to estimates, human body can make out more than 270,000 kinds of posture and movement. This is far more than the sound made out by human body. These postures and movements meaning are very complex. Some are definite and material as some are general and blurry. Some are used to communicate as some are used to self-express. Some are expressing emotion message as some are reflecting character and attitude. So the sort of body language is very complex. The body language classification method of Ekman and Friesen has important effent in non-verbal language communication educational circles. According to all the movements origin, usage and code, they divided human face and bodys continuous movement into five parts: 1. Symbolic movement: these movements have clearly meaning, such as the gesture express OK and victory. Symbolic movement always used to substitute verbal language. In general, they have distinct culture character. For example, the movement means suicide, in Japan, people use hand to simulate dagger to thrust the abdomen, and in America, people use hand to simulate a gun shot temple. 2. Illustrative movement: these kind of movements cooperate with verbal language directly to explain the meaning of the talking. For example, to emphasize a sentence, describe a thought, indicate a material, depict a space relationship, characterize a things rhythm and speed, portray a phenomena , describe a body movement, explain a sentences meaning, etc. 3. Emotion revealing movement: mainly through facial expression to show emotion or mood, of course the other part of body can also express these emotion. Express the emotion can repeat, exaggerate,deny the verbal language, or may be no relationship with it. Express the emotion always deliver the message of communication unconscious, but also can use it in communicating conscious. 4. Modulation movement: this kind of movement is used for maintaining or adjusting the talk in the face-to-face talk. It drops a hint that the speaker can keep talking, repeat again, explain further, speak fast or more lively, let other people have a talk, etc. In recent years, people pay attention to the research of the turn-talking in chat. Turn-talking means that telling the opposite side I want to talk; stopping the speaker changing the topic; asking the other side to give me a speaking chance; let the other side keep talking; telling the others that I have finish my talking and you can speak. The usually used movement is head and eye movement. 5. Adaptable movement: Ekman and Friesen divide it more further: 1). Self-adaptable movement: this kind of movement always happen on personally, such as, holding own hand, rubbing hand, grabing, scratching, clutching, nipping, whisking or gathering the cloth. In general, the emotion is more disconcerting, the pretty actions are more distinguished. Picking nose and wiping eyes belong to this kind. 2). Transformational adaptable movement: this kind of movement take place in the connect with other people. Such as, bringing or delivering, attacking or protecting, close or away. Leg movement can react that encroach, footsie or attack. Shaking hand or foot means fidgety that the person want to avoid talking. 3). Object adaptable movement: this kind of movement always relate to the using of material, such as smoking and writing. 3.2 The function of body language in intercultural communication As the necessary communication tool, body language has important function in intercultural communication. Bradford J. Hall(2002) summarized the mainly function of body language language: 1. Repetition: Body language can reinforce the verbal language by repeating the verbal message nonverbally, such as using a gesture, it can help the receiver understand the message easily. For example, when someone ask you where is the restaurant, you can point a certain direction when you say, the restaurant is north the library. Or we point to the question on the book we just ask. 2. Substitution: Body language can be used to replace some verbal language to deliver a certain meaning. When your friend meet a sad thing that make him cry, you can give him a hug. This is more powerful than any soothing words. 3. Contradiction: Body language sometimes can betray the speaker by sending contradictory message to the verbal language. The body language is often regarded as the powerful word than the spoken words. For example, we cant keep our face from blushing even say we dont nervous or we cant slow down our heartbeat if we are scared. And the teacher can find a student is wandering from the eyesight even though his eyes are staring the blackboard. So the body language is reliable than the verbal language sometimes. 4. Accentuation: It can force the power when you add a body language with your talk than only use verbal language. When you apologize to someone, if an apology show on you face, this can make your apology more conviction. In addition, body language can provide a complement to the verbal language. In some countries, you can up you thumb as the same time you give a admiration to your friends for his good performance. 5. Regulation: The body language also helps us to control the situation of our talking. For example, when we need a quiet, we can put our finger on our lip. IV. The analysis of the differences of the same body language in different cultures 4.1 The different meaning of the same body language in different cultures Here contrast some body languages that usually used but have different meaning. If you use a very awful body language, this might bring a badly result. 1. In China, up the thumbs means good to praise you are doing a good job, bravo and so on. It is same in many countries. If thumbs down means disagree, finish or youre game over. But in Australia, no matter it up or down is obscene. 2. Protrude the index finger means wait a minute in America, but in Australia it means one more beer. 3. Protrude the little finger means cowardly man in England as bet in America. 4. The V for victory or peace sign in America if made with the palm facing inward is taunting or sneering in England. It is very offensive to societys morals. 5. American people sometimes up head, palm facing down, index finger across the throat, it means Im full. I cant eat anymore. But it means decapitation in China. 6. When Chinese people communicating with foreign people, the most antipathetic movement is using index finger point the others casual. Indeed, the movement is in bad taste and impolite to western people. This is reproof and rebuke. 7. Chinese male like to put hands on other mans shoulder for a long time. And Chinese female frequently take other womans hand closely for long time. These shock the foreigners because they consider this gesture means homosexual. 8. When Chinese people receive or send a cup of water or a gift, they will use two hands to accept it to show appreciate and admiration. But American people dont care about whether use one or two hands. 9. When talking with American people Chinese like to put their hands crossed behind their back or into their pockets. But these gestures make the American think you are hiding guns in your hands. 10. Chinese may scratch their noses when feeling uncomfortable. This is confused the western people because in their culture this movement means Im telling a lie. 4.2 Some embarrassing examples due to misunderstanding of body language Under the same culture, people may have misunderstanding because of the body language, even the different culture. Culture difference in different countries, so the body language can express different meaning. If we do not understand the other peoples meaning, it will have misunderstanding and displeasure. For Examples: Tom is the manager of an American company in China. Recently, Li Lei, one of the Chinese staff makes a mistake at work. He is very upset about what had happened, so he comes to Toms office to apologize. Entering the office with smile. He says: I feel terribly sorry for the mistake. I am here to make a sincerely apology to you and promise that it will never happen again. When he said this, the smile always on his face. But Tom feels it is hard to accept and ask himAre you sure? Li says yes with smile. Tom is angry and saysYou dont look sorry at all. If you really feel sorry, how can you still smile? Li feels so embarrassed and does not know what to do. A Chinese student Wangdan and her friend, the American student Judy who studys in China were on the way to store. They saw a boy fell down on the ground. He tried to stand up while the surrounding people laughed. Luckily he was ok. Judy was worried but found Wangdan was smiling too. She was very curious and asked how could you laugh when someone else fell down. Why dont you help him to stand up and ask him whether he was hurt. Wangdan said, Because they know he was not hurt too much. But Judy still couldnt understand. She said, In my culture, if this was happen, we would do anything but laugh. The former examples are all about the smile. In daily life we usually smile, but in different culture, this ordinary movement can bring misunderstanding or some more serious results. When western people come across these situations, they will with solemn face to apologize or come to console the boy. Though smile means happy, it is the symbol for people in general, but in different culture, smiling in the communication are different. The western people think smile always means happy, high in spirits or think something is funny. But Chinese people often smile, because it not only means humours and satisfaction, also means embarrassment and protection, even a kind of evadable. So it confuses the western people, they say it is too hard to understand. In China, people sometimes use smile to eliminate embarrassment, also means never mind, and the person smile to self-mockery or play a joke. But if the affair is very serious, people will provide help but laugh out of court. So for the peopl e who do not know the meaning, this kind of smile will make them unhappy even produce antipathy. A Chinese student went to a American family and sent present to the child of this family,when he beckon to the little boy, yet the boy back off him. The hand movement is very abundant and with infective. Every gesture has its particular function. In the case, the Chinese student used Chinese gesture, which palm facing down and making a scratching motion with fingers to beckon. This is different in America that means to go away. When they let somebody to close up, their palm facing up or only move index finger. This is opposite to Chinese and may bring Chinese peoples repulsion. V. Conclusion After the briefly analysis of the analysis of body language in intercultural communications, we have a knowledge about the relationship between culture and language, and the influence of body language in the communication. The body language in our daily life is incalculable. Every one can use his body to represent himself. Body language is the same as verbal language to be the carrier of culture that may cause misunderstanding in the international communication because of culture difference. As an English major, to understand the culture of the target language is very important. Having the knowledge of body language will be helpful to us in intercultural communication.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid or DNA: Defining Our Life Essay -- Biology Scien

Deoxyribonucleic Acid or DNA: Defining Our Life Genetics is defined as the study of heredity. Heredity is controlled by genes, which aid in the development of a cellular organism’s definite characteristics. Such characteristics include sex, hair color, eye color, and countless other traits. Genes are composed of deoxyribonucleic acid, more commonly abbreviated as DNA. Deoxyribonucleic acid carries the genetic material for all cellular organisms. These molecules carry the information needed to direct many important processes that take place inside of the cell. This information is vital to the survival and health of the organism. Genetics has a long history filled with numerous different scientists building off of their predecessors’ data in order to form new theories. There are many events and scientists who have been important influences on the study of heredity over time. In 1809, a French biologist, Jean Baptiste de Lamarck, proposed the first complete theory of evolution. He claimed, â€Å"new species originate by natural processes and that man has an ape ancestry† (Bailey 13). His ideas become an important influence on evolutionary thinking for the next one hundred and twenty five years. In 1859, Charles Darwin published his theory of evolution by natural selection called The Origin of the Species. This very controversial work is still the subject of debate over a hundred and forty years later. For this reason, some of the most basic scientific fundamentals remained unnoticed due to the shadow this controversy cast over science. In 1866, Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, publishes his theories of inheritance. His experiments dealt with the inheritance of â€Å"factors† in pea plants. Thes... ...ematical qualities, qualities important enough to play ma major role in a book, a book that has now been made into a college class! Without this tiny molecule, than can be represented in three letters, DNA, life as we know it today would not exist. That is one powerful molecule. Bibliography Lewis, Ricki. Human Genetics. Boston, McGraw-Hill, 2001. Bailey, Jill. Genetics and Evolution: The Molecules of Inheritance. New York, Oxford University Press, 1995. Parkin, David T. An Introduction to Evolutionary Genetics. London, Edward Arnold Publishers, 1979. Ford, E.B. Understanding Genetics. New York, Pica Press, 1979. Hofstadter, Douglas R. Godel, Escher Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid. New York, Basic Books, 1979. Relethford, John H. The Human Species:An Introduction to Biological Anthropology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2003.

Nervousness and shyness Essay

Nervousness and shyness are always when it’s you’re first time. For many reason, and lot of stuff playing on my mind. Such, I do not know the people in the office; and I do not have any actual experience. That made me quiet at first. Trying to observe on how to get along with the employee. Later on, I found out that it wasn’t really difficult to mingle with the employee and to my co-trainee. In learned that most of them were jokers and they were so nice to trainee like me. As time goes by, the nervousness and shyness faded away made bonding and been close to the employees. And I feel happy and comfortable in the department I was assigned. My supervisor Mr. Wilfredo Solis, treat me as if I am one of his colleague. And even I’m just a trainee, it don’t made me feel uncomfortable as I worked with him and my interaction with other employees. I later learned to work with longer patient. Although, thoroughly working on something was time consuming. The output I have learned was a big factor that I considered. I learned from the employee and mostly on my supervisor experiences, and I apply it as whenever I needed to. I was encouraged to make well on my studies until I become professional. Sometimes, the warm temperature was a challenged on me, because there are times that I thought I might get sick. And I might get absent on my on-the-job duty. As a trainee or an intern, I have lots of duties or responsibilities to do on my assigned department. I was able to helped the regular employee especially my supervisor, through these following; †¢Reading transmitter Log. †¢Encoding Reports Furthermore, through these on-the-job training, it also enhanced my technical skills. That I know could be a plus point the sooner I landed on a job . And could help me eases the culture shock in dealing on the actual field and with different specialized people of their expertise. I learned a lot from my experiences as an On-the-Job Trainee of GMA TV10/RGMA Dagupan. First of all, I’m very much gratified for the support and understanding of my superiors especially on times when I committed mistakes. More than any learning thought in school, I learned to be with others, to work with people. I learn also to listen to my senior, Mr. Solis even though at times I can’t understand his instructions. I also learn to accept criticism and be apologetic for my mistakes. He particularly imparts in me what I must know in making use of corporate resources and corporate values. n sum, the whole OJT experience wasn’t as bad as I thought it would be. In fact, the 200 hours was a breeze except for those days when I had a hard time waking up, when traffic was really bad and when I was feeling lazy and out of it. Going to work and seeing some friendly faces helped a great deal. Having to do OJT with friends made it a whole lot easier for me. It was also nice to have to go to work together everyday with my sisters (and having occasional lunch outs at UCC or Oliver’s). I’m sure the real world wouldn’t always have as many friendly faces but we all, relationships that is, have to start somewhere. Before all the relationships and friendships have even started, we were but strangers in this sea of unfamiliar and nameless faces.

Nefertiti: Queen of Egypt

Today, Nefertiti is one of the most well known queens of Egypt, famed throughout the ancient world for her beauty. There is little known about the background of Nefertiti but many believe that she was not of royal bloodline. Her father was believed to be a high official of Amenhotep III and Akhenaten. It is said that Nefertiti was chosen by her Father and her Aunt, the Pharaoh’s mother, because of her strong personality that it was believed she could reign in the Pharaoh so her family would hold the real power behind the throne. She was not rivaled only by her power but also by her beauty. Her face has become one of the most recognizable images in the world since the founding of her bust in 1912. She was an independent woman and thinker centuries before her time (Fletcher, 2004). But the question that many people wonder is â€Å"Who was Queen Nefertiti and how much power did she have? † Nefertiti first rose to prominence in Egyptology in 1912, when a three-thousand-year-old bust of the queen was unearthed and quickly became a recognizable artifact around the world. But pieces of Nefertiti's life remained missing (Fletcher, 2004). The beginning of her existence starts with her breaking through the sex barrier to rule as a co-Pharaoh alongside her husband, Akhenaten. Nefertiti parents are not known and she was probably of non-royal birth, most historians say. Most believe she was 12 years old when she became queen and that Amenhotep IV was around the same age (Englar, 2009). Nefertiti married Amenhotep IV who took the name â€Å"Akhenaten†, who ruled over Egypt for approximately 17 years during the 18th Dynasty around 1357 B. C. E. She had six daughters but no sons with Akhenaten, who also had other wives. But neither of them were carved into the sculptures except Nefertiti, so many people believed he loved her most. She appeared with her husband Akhenaten on all major monuments. She even assisted in offerings. There has been no other queen who appears so frequently in Egyptian history as Queen Nefertiti. Many images of her show simple family gatherings with her husband and daughters. She is also known as the mother-in-law and stepmother of the Pharaoh Tutankhamen. Nefertiti and her husband defied ancient custom by practicing monotheism and by elevating Nefertiti far above the role of subservient consort previously played by Egyptian queens (Tyldesley, 1999). Upon her fourth year of being queen, she left the capital of Thebes where a new city to honor their chosen god, Aten was built. He believed that the Aten, a minor sun god, was the most important god so Nefertiti being his wife followed suit. The religion in the country was then transformed so their new god, Aten, may be held up above all others. Neferitti and her husband designed the new city and more than 50,000 Egyptians moved to Akhenaten to serve the king and queen in their new city. This is the first time that Egyptian religion accepted one god rather than many gods. Nefertiti’s new religious duties gave her more power than most previous Egyptian queens. Nefertiti was perhaps the most influential person on Akhenaten, at that time one of the most powerful rulers on earth. Many people do not know that Nefertiti and her husband changed their names to honor their God. Nefertiti meaning â€Å"the beautiful woman† had come to be known as Neferneferuaten which means â€Å"beautiful are the beauties of Aten. † The reason for this change is so â€Å"Aten† would be included in her new name to honor their god. During the Amarna period, Nefertiti was seen as almost equal to a Pharaoh. Nefertiti soon became enamored with her new found power and her popularity with the people and is somewhat swept up along with her husband in his dreams of glamour, power, and immortality (Moran, 2007). Upon his death she took control of Aten. The Egyptian people loved her and celebrated her beauty in art, but the priests did not feel the same way. Historians say that priests who, upon Nefertiti's death, had her name erased from all public records. This led to her being left out of history for over three thousand years. Very little is known of Nefertiti, her death is not recorded, and her tomb has not been found. Her beauty is renowned from the masks found at Amarna by archaeologists early in this century, having been lost for millennia. It is unusual that a queen like Nefertiti, death would not be recorded in the culture of Egypt. Even to this day monuments to those who ruled and played a major part in Egypt have pyramids and tombs bestowing their importance. It is very sad that Akhenaten and Nefertiti's family was all but destroyed. Three thousand years after her death, Nefertiti’s beauty still captivates thousands of visitors each year. It was her mysterious smile and powerful gaze that attracted many men to her making them wonder who she had been and how she’d become a dominant figure in ancient Egypt. However, tragedy eventually calls, and everything Nefertiti worked so hard to achieve hangs in the balance (Englar 2009). Some historians believe she died from a plague or even ruled Egypt under a new name, Smenkhkare. Yet there has, over time, been a great deal of controversy on all these facts. It would seem that Smenkhkare became co-regent shortly after the death of Akhenaten’s principle wife, Nefertiti. Speculation at times have run rampant, including one theory that Nefertiti herself had actually disguised herself as a male in the custom of Hatshepsut, becoming co-regent (Dunn, 2003). Nefertiti will always hold a mysterious history, her remains and the location of her body has long been a subject of curiosity and speculation. Her place as an icon in popular culture is secure and she has become somewhat of a celebrity due to the rare find of her bust. After Cleopatra, she is the second most famous queen of Egypt in the Western imagination and her image has influenced, through photographs, and changed standards of feminine beauty of the twentieth century, and is often referred to as â€Å"the most beautiful woman in the world† (Dunn, 2003). Her most important legacy, though, may be that she and Pharaoh Akhenaten tried to establish a monotheistic religion in Egypt, which, if it had survived, would have created a very different history for the Middle East, with important ramifications for the current religious/political turmoil of the area (Weller, 2008). She will always be held as one of the most influential and most powerful queens to ever rule Egypt. References Dunn, Jimmy. (2003). Smenkhkare: An obscure pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. Retrieved from ttps://ww. touregypt. net/featurestories/smenkhakare. htm Englar, Mary. (2009). Nefertiti of Egypt. Capstone Publishing Company. Fletcher, Joann. (2004). Search for Nefertiti: The true story of an amazing discovery. Harper Collins Publishers. Moran, Michelle. (2007). Nefertiti. New York: Crown Pub. Tyldesley, Joyce A. (1999). Nefertiti: Egypt’s sun queen. Viking Adult. Weller, Doug. (2008). Nefertiti. New world encyclopedia. Retrieved (2010, February 25) from http://ww w. newworldencyclopedia. org